Walter’s Legacy

My career has been very much dictated by circumstances. I'm interested in what's happening and respond to it, and have had a very good time doing it.

—Walter Munk

Einstein of the Oceans

Late Professor emeritus of geophysics in the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. Walter’s pioneering contributions to physical oceanography and geophysics advanced the science and understanding of ocean waves, wind-driven ocean gyres, deep-sea tides, internal waves, the rotation of the earth, ocean acoustics, and geophysical data analysis.

Walter Munk was born on October 19, 1917 in Vienna, Austria. At age 14 he moved to New York and later studied physics at Columbia University. He became a United States citizen in 1939. He attended the California Institute of Technology and received a bachelor’s degree in physics in 1939 and a master’s degree in geophysics in 1940. He attended Scripps Institution of Oceanography and received a Ph.D. in oceanography from the University of California in 1947.

Walter’s Timeline

1940s

Walter with Scripps Director, Harald Sverdrup in George Scripps Hall (1940)

Scripps Director, Harald Sverdrup with Walter on his graduation day (1946)

1942

Worked with Scripps Oceanography Director, Harold Sverdrup and the Pentagon on the prediction of surf conditions in support of planned allied amphibious landings in North Africa. Together they developed a wave prediction method that was applied successfully to an allied landing in Oran, North Africa. This wave prediction become the foundation for wave forecasts now made daily worldwide.

1943

Created the first wave prediction course at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and trained American military meteorologists, including those who used the method to predict conditions for World War II D-Day landings in Normandy.

1946

Participated in a series experiments analyzing the currents, diffusion and water exchanges in the Bikini Atoll in the South Pacific, to track the spread of radioactive materials in connection with American atomic weapons tests.

1950s

Walter during early days of scuba diving, Operation Capricorn (1952–1953)

Walter and Operation Capricorn team members returning home following Ivy Mike, the H-Bomb test at Eniwetok atoll

1952

Monitored the ocean for a potential tsunami following the detonation of a hydrogen bomb on Eniwetok Atoll.

1956

Began the study of ocean oscillations that grew into major work on long waves and tsunamis.

1957

Suggested drilling a hole in the ocean floor through the earth’s mantle, a bold plan, “Project Mohole”, that was tested off Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1961 and eventually led to the development of the deep sea drilling program.

1960s

Walter with Roger Revelle, Willard Bascom, and Gustave Arrhenius during Project Mohole (1961)

Judith and Walter Munk on the deck of the newly completed IGPP Building at Scripps (1964)

1960

Published “Rotation of the Earth,” with Gordon J.F. MacDonald.

1963

Conducted the “Waves Across the Pacific” experiment to study the propagation of waves from the Antarctic across the Pacific.

1964

Founded the Institute of Geophysics, later renamed the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics.

1965

With Dave Cartwright, worked to improve tide prediction, publishing “Tidal Spectroscopy and Prediction” in 1967.

1969

Began measuring tides in the deep sea, using highly sophisticated pressure-sensing instruments dropped to the ocean floor and retrieved via acoustic release.

1970s

Walter viewing a recording system used in deep-ocean studies of internal waves at Scripps Institute with French dignitaries

1979

Published “Sound transmission through a fluctuating ocean,” with R. Dashen, K.M. Watson, and F. Zachariasen.

1980s

National Medal of Science White House Ceremony on February 27, 1985 with President Ronald Reagan

1984

Navy Secretary John F. Lehman, Jr. named Munk one of four Secretary of the Navy research chairs in oceanography. As chair, Munk worked to reaffirm the strong interest of the Secretary of the Navy in oceanography and to recognize the leading oceanographers in the United States.

1990s

Walter Munk, new Explorers Medal recipient, at Heard Island, 1991. Image credit, Jeff Corda

1991

In the acoustic thermometry of ocean climate (ATOC) project, he conducted ocean acoustics experiments to test long-range sound signals at Heard Island, a remote location in the southern Indian Ocean. The experiments were to determine whether the sound generated could be heard around the world and if a correlation could be made to ocean warming, since sound travels faster in warmer water than cooler water. These broadcasts, which were traced thousands of miles away, become known as “the sound heard around the world.”

1995

Along with Peter Worcester and Carl Wunsch, published “Ocean Acoustic Tomography”, a comprehensive presentation of the underlying oceanography and mathematics that interprets certain physical properties of the ocean.

In 1947 Munk became an assistant professor at Scripps. In 1954 he became a professor of geophysics and also was named a member of the UC’s Institute of Geophysics, based in Los Angeles and, in 1960, he established a branch of the institute on the Scripps campus in La Jolla. The new unit was established to study the earth, its atmosphere, oceans, and interior, using methods of experimental and mathematical physics. Until 1982, he served as director of the Scripps branch and as an associate director of the university-wide institute, which was renamed the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP).

Professor Munk

Professor Munk’s philosophy in teaching and life was always “Keep IT Simple!” and “MAKE IT FUN”!

In 1963 Munk led a study of the propagation across the Pacific Ocean of swells generated near Antarctica. The program measured fluctuations with pressure sensing devices lowered to the ocean floor at six Pacific Ocean locations. Measurements were also made from Scripps’ Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP). He operated the recording station on American Samoa during the three-month project.

In 1969 he began measuring tides in the deep sea, using highly sophisticated pressure-sensing instruments that were dropped to the ocean floor and retrieved by acoustic release. Munk and Frank E. Snodgrass, a Scripps engineer with whom he worked for more than two decades, received the first award for ocean science and engineering given by the Marine Technology Society.

Munk also played a lead role in developing a new method for measuring long-term changes in ocean temperature associated with global warming that was first tested in the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project. The idea behind ATOC is to track the changes over time of the travel times of sound signals sent from underwater speakers to underwater receivers. Because sound travels faster in warmer water than cooler water, a long-term series of tests that recorded increasingly faster travel times would indicate the ocean is warming.

Notable Achievements

Munk was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1956 and to the Royal Society of London in 1976.

He has been a Guggenheim Fellow three times.

In 1965 he received the Arthur L. Day Medal from the Geological Society of America and in 1966 received the Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London in 1968.

In 1976, he received the first Maurice Ewing Medal from the American Geophysical Union and the U.S. Navy. In 1977 he received the Alexander Agassiz Gold Medal of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1978 he was honored with the Captain Robert Dexter Conrad Award from the U.S. Navy.

In 1983 Munk was honored with the President’s National Medal of Science, the nation’s highest award for lifetime achievement in scientific research, “for his unique contributions to the sciences of the geophysics and physical oceanography which have led to a better understanding of the earth’s rotation, the complexities of ocean waves, tidal processes and acoustic propagation”.

In 1989 Munk was honored with the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union. In 1993 he received the Vetlesen Prize from Columbia University and the first Walter Munk Award for Distinguished Research in Oceanography Related to Sound and the Sea granted by the United States Navy and The Oceanography Society.

Emperor Akihito and Empress Kojun welcomes Judith and Walter on the occasion of the Kyoto Prize (1999).

HM King Carl XVI Gustaf presents the Crafoord Prize to Walter (May, 2010). Photo: Markus Marcetic, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1999 Munk was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences for his fundamental contributions to the field of oceanography, the first time the prize was awarded to an oceanographer. In 2001, he was the inaugural recipient of the Prince Albert I Medal in the physical sciences of the oceans, which Prince Rainier of Monaco created in cooperation with the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans.

Munk was honored with the 2010 Crafoord Prize in Geosciences from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth’s dynamics.

Munk is a member or fellow of more than a dozen professional societies. He has served on many university, national, and international committees. Since 1968 he has been a member of JASON, a prestigious panel of military advisors. He has written more than 200 scientific papers.

In 2018, Munk was awarded the French Legion of Honor in Paris, France, with the rank of chevalier (knight) for his contributions to oceanography.

In July, 2019, in honor of Walter Munk’s legacy, the Marine Technology Society and the Walter Munk Foundation for the Oceans established the Walter Munk Scholar Award for students. The inaugural award was presented to Alfredo Giron at the OCEANS Conference in Marseille. Giron received his Ph.D. in 2019 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and serves as a Scientific Advisor for the Walter Munk Foundation for the Oceans.

Walter receiving the Explorers Club’s highest award, “The Explorers Club Medal”. Photo: ECAD.

Walter receives the Roger Revelle medal from Chancellor Pradeep Khosla. Photo: Erik Jepsen/UC San Diego Publications.

Alfredo Giron, Ph.D. was the first recipient of the Walter Munk Scholar Award presented by the Marine Technology Society and the Walter Munk Foundation for the Oceans (2019).

The honor of naming an animal species after an important human individual happened to Walter twice in his lifetime. Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara named a newly described Devil Ray, Mobula munkiana, after Walter in 1987. Greg Rouse named a new species of marine worm, Sirsoe munki, after Walter in 2018.

Namesakes

This documentary showcases Walter’s research on waves generated by Antarctic storms. The film documents Munk’s collaboration as they track storm-driven waves from Antarctica across the Pacific Ocean to Alaska. The film features scenes of early digital equipment in use in field experiments with Walter’s commentary on how unsure they were about using such new technology in remote locations.

Waves Across the Pacific

Walter Turns 100